Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence, clinicopathological, and prognostic features of acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) of the oral and maxillofacial region. AciCC cases were retrospectively retrieved from 11 pathology centers of three different countries. Medical records were examined to extract demographic, clinical, pathologic, and follow-up information. A total of 75 cases were included. Females (65.33%) with a mean age of 45.51 years were mostly affected. The lesions usually presented as an asymptomatic (64.28%) nodule (95.66%) in the parotid gland (70.68%). The association of two histopathological patterns was the most common finding (48.93%) and the tumors presented mainly conventional histopathological grades (86.11%). Surgical treatment was performed in the majority of the cases (59.19%). Local recurrence was observed in 20% of the informed cases, regional metastasis in 30.43%, and distant metastasis in 12.50%. The statistical analysis showed that the cases with a solid histopathological pattern (p=0.01), high-grade transformation (p=0.008), recurrence (p=0.007), and regional metastasis (p=0.03) were associated with poor survival. In conclusion, high histopathological transformation, presence of nodal metastasis, and recurrence were prognostic factors for AciCC of the oral and maxillofacial region.

ABSTRACT The traditional herbalist medicine from its evolution to the contemporaneity has been an object use for the conventional medicine. That's why the objective of the work is to describe the behavior of the traditional herbalist medicine in the conventional health systems. A search and documentary analysis of numerous sources on the subject-matter belonging to the databases SciELO Cuba, SciELO Regional, Science Direct, Clinical Key, Cumed, Lilacslo was carried out. It is concluded that the social actuality registers encouraging declarations in the field of the acceptance of the herbalist as complementary medicine for the team of health and a renewed interest in the world ambience to study the effects that have the plants on the health.

RESUMEN La medicina tradicional herbolaria desde su evolución hasta la contemporaneidad ha sido objeto de uso para la medicina convencional. Por eso el objetivo del trabajo es describir el comportamiento de la medicina tradicional herbolaria en los sistemas de salud convencionales. Se realizó la búsqueda y análisis documental de numerosas fuentes sobre la temática pertenecientes a las bases de datos SciELO Cuba, SciELO Regional, Science Direct, Clinical Key, Cumed, Lilacslo. Se concluye que la actualidad social registra manifestaciones alentadoras en el campo de la aceptación de la herbolaria como medicina complementaria por el equipo de salud y un renovado interés en el ámbito mundial por estudiar los efectos que tienen las plantas sobre la salud.

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da estrutura de uma pastagem nativa nos parâmetros que compõem o processo de ingestão de forragem de ovelhas e bezerras em pastejo, foram estabelecidas quatro alturas de pasto (4, 8, 12 e 16 cm), em delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e duas repetições no tempo e no espaço. A massa do bocado e a taxa de ingestão foram estimados por diferença de peso vivo corrigido para a perda de peso metabólico, durante 45 minutos. Os movimentos mandibulares de apreensão e mastigação foram registrados pelo aparelho IGER Behaviour Recorder. A profundidade do bocado foi obtida em 40 perfilhos marcados por unidade experimental, em medições realizadas antes e após o pastejo. Observou-se correlação positiva entre a altura do pasto e a massa de forragem, e negativa com a densidade de forragem. A profundidade de bocados apresentou relação linear e positiva com o aumento da altura do pasto e não diferiu entre espécies animais. Acima de 9,5 cm de altura do pasto, a profundidade do bocado das ovelhas não compensou a pouca densidade de forragem nos estratos mais superiores, o que reduziu a massa do bocado. A mesma resposta foi observada a partir da altura do pasto de 11,4 cm para as bezerras. Com o aumento da massa do bocado, houve diminuição na taxa de bocados e aumento na taxa de mastigação. A taxa de ingestão foi maior nas alturas em que a massa de bocados foi também superior, o que evidencia a correlação positiva entre as duas variáveis. Nessas condições, para aumentar o consumo de ovelhas e bezerras em campo nativo, a estrutura ideal de manejo requer manutenção de altura do pasto entre 9,5 e 11,4 cm, respectivamente.

Aiming to evaluate the influence of native pasture structure in the intake process of grazing ewes and calves, four sward heights (4, 8, 12 and 16 cm) were established. A completely randomized design with four treatments and two replicates in time and space was used. Bite mass and forage intake were estimated by the short-term weight changes technique, corrected for the rate of insensible weight loss, during a 45 minutes test. The grazing and mastication jaw movements were registered by the IGER Behaviour Recorder device. Bite depth was obtained through 40 tillers marked in each experimental unit, by measurements carried before and after grazing. A positive correlation was observed between sward height and herbage mass, and negative between sward height and herbage bulk density. Bite depth fitted positively and linearly with increasing sward height, being not different between animal species. Ewe bite mass increased with increasing sward height up to 9.5 cm, then decreasing due to the low bulk density in the superior stratum. The same response was observed with calves, but bite mass reached a plateau only at 11.4 cm sward height. Bite rate decreased and mastication rate increased with increasing bite mass. Intake rate was greater at the sward height in which bite mass was also superior, indicating the positive correlation between these two variables. Under those conditions, to optimize the intake of sheep and calves, in native pasture, the ideal structure for management requires the maintenance of sward heights between 9.5 and 11.4 cm.

Proven effective interventions exist that would enable all countries to meet the Millennium Development Goals. However, uptake and use of these interventions in the poorest populations is at least 50% less than in the richest populations within each country. Also, we have recently shown that community effectiveness of interventions is lower for the poorest populations due to a "staircase" effect of lower coverage/access, worse diagnostic accuracy, less provider compliance and less consumer adherence. We propose an evidence-based framework for equity-oriented knowledge translation to enhance community effectiveness and health equity. This framework is represented as a cascade of steps to assess and prioritize barriers and thus choose effective knowledge translation interventions that are tailored for relevant audiences (public, patient, practitioner, policy-maker, press and private sector), as well as the evaluation, monitoring and sharing of these strategies. We have used two examples of effective interventions (insecticide-treated bednets to prevent malaria and childhood immunization) to illustrate how this framework can provide a systematic method for decision-makers to ensure the application of evidence-based knowledge in disadvantaged populations. Future work to empirically validate and evaluate the usefulness of this framework is needed. We invite researchers and implementers to use the cascade for equity-oriented knowledge translation as a guide when planning implementation strategies for proven effective interventions. We also encourage policy-makers and health-care managers to use this framework when deciding how effective interventions can be implemented in their own settings.

Existen intervenciones de probada eficacia que permitirían a todos los países alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Sin embargo, la adopción y aplicación de esas intervenciones en las poblaciones más pobres es al menos un 50% inferior a la de las poblaciones más ricas en cada país. Por otra parte, hemos demostrado recientemente que la eficacia comunitaria de las intervenciones es menor en las poblaciones más pobres debido a un efecto escalonado de menor cobertura/acceso, menor precisión diagnóstica, menor cumplimiento por los proveedores, y menor observancia por los consumidores. Proponemos aquí un marco basado en la evidencia de traslación de conocimientos orientado a la equidad para fomentar la eficacia de la comunidad y la equidad sanitaria. Este marco se representa como una cascada de pasos para evaluar y priorizar los obstáculos y elegir así intervenciones eficaces de traslación de conocimientos concebidas para los destinatarios pertinentes (público, pacientes, médicos, planificadores, prensa y sector privado), así como la evaluación, vigilancia e intercambio de esas estrategias. Hemos usado dos ejemplos de intervenciones eficaces (mosquiteros tratados con insecticida para prevenir la malaria e inmunización infantil) para ilustrar de qué manera este marco puede dotar a las instancias decisorias de un método sistemático para garantizar la aplicación de conocimientos basados en la evidencia en las poblaciones desfavorecidas. Se requerirán nuevos trabajos para validar y evaluar empíricamente la utilidad de ese marco. Invitamos a los investigadores y ejecutores a usar la cascada propuesta de traslación de conocimientos orientada a la equidad como guía para planificar las estrategias de aplicación de intervenciones de probada eficacia. Asimismo, alentamos a las instancias normativas y a los administradores de servicios de salud a emplear este marco a la hora de determinar la manera de implementar las intervenciones eficaces en sus contextos particulares.

Il existe des interventions ayant une efficacité prouvée qui permettraient à l'ensemble des pays d'atteindre les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement. Néanmoins, dans chaque pays, le recours à ces interventions et leur application bénéficient au moins moitié moins aux populations les plus démunies qu'aux populations les plus riches. Nous avons aussi récemment démontré que l'efficacité au niveau communautaire de ces interventions était inférieure chez les populations les plus pauvres en raison des effets en cascade d'une couverture ou d'un accès limités, d'une moindre précision du diagnostic, ainsi que d'une conformité et d'une observance moins satisfaisantes de la part respectivement des prestateurs et des consommateurs. Nous proposons un cadre reposant sur une base factuelle pour l'application axée sur l'équité des connaissances en vue d'améliorer, à l'échelle communautaire, l'efficacité et l'équité sur le plan sanitaire des interventions. Ce cadre se présente comme une série d'étapes visant à évaluer et à hiérarchiser les obstacles, puis à sélectionner des interventions pour appliquer les connaissances efficaces et adaptées aux différents groupes visés (population générale, malades, praticiens, décideurs, presse et secteur privé), ainsi qu'à évaluer, à suivre et à diffuser ces stratégies. Nous avons fait appel à deux exemples d'interventions efficaces (moustiquaires imprégnées d'insecticide pour prévenir le paludisme et vaccination des enfants) pour illustrer comment ce cadre peut fournir aux décideurs une méthode systématique permettant de garantir l'application des connaissances tirées de l'expérience parmi les populations défavorisées. D'autres travaux sont nécessaires pour valider empiriquement ce cadre et évaluer son utilité. Nous avons invité les chercheurs et les responsables de la mise en œuvre à utiliser la série d'étapes visant une application des connaissances axée sur l'équité sanitaire comme guide dans la planification des stratégies de mise en œuvre des interventions ayant une efficacité prouvée. Nous encourageons également les décideurs et les gestionnaires dans le domaine de la santé à employer ce cadre pour décider des modalités de mise en œuvre dans leurs pays de ces interventions efficaces.